ABSTRACT
Infertility is considered as a major health care problem of different communities. The high prevalence of this issue doubled its importance. A significant proportion of infertility have been related to environmental conditions and also acquired risk factors. Different environmental conditions emphasized the need to study the different causes of infertility in each area. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency causes of infertility in infertile couples. In this cross sectional descriptive study 1200 infertile men and women that were referred to infertility clinic of Fatemieh Hospital during 2010 to 2011, were examined. This center is the only governmental center for infertility in Hamadan. Sampling was based on census method. Information about the patients was obtained from medical examinations and laboratory findings. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics such as frequencies and the mean were used. The prevalence of primary and secondary infertility was 69.5% and 30.5% respectively. Among the various causes of infertility women factors [88.6%] had the highest regard. In the causes of female infertility, menstrual disorders, diseases [obesity, thyroid diseases, and diabetes], ovulation dysfunction, uterine factor, fallopian tubes and cervical factor had the highest prevalence respectively. The causes of male infertility based on their frequency included semen fluid abnormalities, genetic factors, vascular abnormalities, and anti-spermatogenesis factors, respectively. Etiology pattern of infertility in our study is similar with the many other patterns that have been reported by the World Health Organization. However, frequency of menstrual disorders is much higher than other studies that require further consideration
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the total expenditure and out of pocket payment on pregnancy complications in Tehran, the capital of Iran. A cross sectional study conducted on 1172 patients who admitted in two general teaching referral Hospitals in Tehran. In this study, we calculated total and out of pocket inpatient costs for seven pregnancy complications including preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction [IUGR], abortion, ante partum hemorrhage, preterm delivery, premature rupture of membranes and post dated pregnancy. We used descriptive analysis and analysis of variance test to compare these pregnancy complications. The average duration of hospitalization was 3.28 days and the number of visits by physicians for a patient was 9.79 on average. The average total cost for these pregnancy complications was 735.22 Unites States Dollars [USD] [standard deviation [SD] = 650.53]. The average out of packet share was 277.08 USD [SD = 350.74], which was 37.69% of total expenditure. IUGR with payment of 398.76 USD [SD = 418.54] [52.06% of total expenditure] had the greatest amount of out of pocket expenditure in all complications. While, abortion had the minimum out of pocket amount that was 148.77 USD [SD = 244.05]. Obstetrics complications had no catastrophic effect on families, but IUGR cost was about 30% of monthly household non food costs in Tehran so more financial protection plans and insurances are recommended for these patients.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Delivery, Obstetric/economics , Cost of Illness , Hospital Costs , Cross-Sectional Studies , Insurance, Major Medical , Length of Stay/economicsABSTRACT
Background: during the month of Ramadan, millions of Muslims abstain from food and drink daily from dawn to sunset and people actually experience repeated cycles of fasting and refeeding. Menstruation is a normal physiological process that its regularity is controlled by hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Etiology of menstrual dysfunction includes weight loss, hypoleptinemia, abnormal eating behaviors, exercise, and psychological stressors
Objective: to investigate the effects of Ramadan fasting on menstrual cycles
Materials and Methods: this analytic cross-sectional study was performed on 80 female college students resident in a dormitory of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences. A questionnaire including demographic characteristics and menstrual calendar was filled by all participants. All analyses were performed using the statistical software SPSS for Windows version 11.5
Results: we found 11.3%, 30%, and 16.3% of participates had abnormal menstrual pattern three months before, during and three months after Ramadan, respectively. In participates who fast more than 15 days, menstrual period had significantly more abnormality than participants who fast less than 15 days. Considering our results we demonstrated that menstrual abnormalities during Ramadan month reach to their peak and three months after Ramadan reduce but do not return to previous condition
Conclusion: this study confirms that menstrual abnormalities including oligomenorrhea, polymenorrhea and hypermenorrhea increased during Ramadan especially in participates with more than 15 days of fasting
ABSTRACT
High Cesarean section rate is a major health problem in developing countries. This study was established to evaluate the effectiveness of Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education protocols on Cesarean section rate trend. Through a non-concurrent controlled quasi-experimental study, Cesarean section rate in Shohada-e-Tajrish and Taleghani hospitals in Tehran was compared during 2008-2009. Intervention group included 578 participants hospitalized because of premature rupture of membranes, prolonged pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, intra-uterine growth retardation, vaginal bleeding and premature labor in first and second trimester underwent interventions based on MOHME new protocol. On the other hand 594 cases as control group were selected during the same time before the intervention and underwent routine treatments. Descriptive statics, t-test, chi square and univariate analysis were used when appropriate. Basic characteristics in two groups had no statistically significant difference. Cesarean section applied for 360 [67.8%] women in case group and on the other hand, 270 [48.8%] Cesarean sections were done for control group [P<0.001]. There was 19% difference between intervention and control groups. Complication of pregnancies had increased by 6% in intervention group [P<0.001]. Mortality rate in the study was zero in both groups. Applying clinical practice guidelines does not guarantee decreasing Cesarean section rate. Providing appropriate service may increase the ability of service providers to find more indications for Cesarean section